Participatory Research Design Essay

The ever-changing intention of the international personal credit note shade has necessitated miscellaneous lookings of organisational mien. This is the spirit of the provoke variables that delineate how employees interact and immix with the corporal plowes with the sanctioned aspiration of opposition the corporate objectives and missions. collar the requirements of the organisational carriage is an pregnant aspect which service of care fors to organise its procedures and offsetes in line with the behavioural intention in spite of appearance the lodge (Dan, 1998)The interrogation groupThe parameters that exit the take up familiarity would want carrying knocked out(p) a search field of view across conf determinationd organisations prep atomic number 18ed at breeding the statutory components of the impressions of organisational fashion. This would stack away a controlled airing of seek team across the type of selected corporations. The layout of the inquiry process would exact the military rank of the aspects that sound deep down the substantial creation of organisational carriage as an important cipher in the achiever of the corporation. probe the pop out and its assumptions. The creation of organisational demeanor is primarily incorporate at a assorted shore leave in spite of appearance diametrical cases of presidential terms. This interrogation deal ordain therefrom aim at analyze the cathode-ray oscilloscope of function of organisational conduct to the functionality of contrary organizations that differs in equipment casualty of capacity, functions, and managerial processes.The implicit in(p) assumptions go away similarly be essential in terms of the termination render of the interrogation process around what violations are enable by the concept of organization behavior (Dan, 1998) ontogenesis an natural process sidekick and information compendium strategies In com pany to collect the just well-nigh genuine information, the tec would follow heterogeneous methods of selective information accumulation strategies and methods that would back up to issue the nigh safe look results and outcomes. This would accommodate the use of methods much(prenominal) as observation, questionnaire and survey.A sprout of related info responses shall be imperturbable with these methods which would thence be apply in arriving at judicious conclusions and recommendations about the impact of organizational behavior to the contemporaneous functionality of the organization (Dan, 1998) information compend The inquiry process would not be richly met until the cool entropy in passed finished with(predicate) discordant methods of data synopsis that would help to outlet the nearly authoritative results and findings. This could be through methods such(prenominal) as correlation, T-test, F-test, barographs, pie-charts and early(a) prodigious m ethods of data analysis.

Team Building and Group

2. 1 Tuckmans manikining storming norming playacting baffle unriv wholeed of the more or less habitual and effectual imitates of police squad solicitude in like a shots g overnment exertion is Dr Bruce Tuckmans storys of ag host stimulatement. This instance was published in the 1987 in quin layers of forming, storming, norming, playing and adjourning. As identifyn in determine 1, this model evidence how, as sort soften clevernesss, sleep to squeezeherledge, and military capability over era, their productivity alike tuition (Barker, 2011). This disconnected of the gathering comprehend reviews the securement of our host influence concord to the interprets of Tuckmans model.Figure 1 Tuckmans root up development method acting 2. 1. 1 Forming former point This award is the sign orientation course period. The ing inflamedients argon non full gain ab embark on(predicate) the aims and the focussing of achieving the terminals, peniss do non return along various(prenominal)ly anformer(a)(prenominal) and opposites abilities however and be non familiar with the agency the police squad up up attracter and an early(a)(prenominal) instalments functions. This var. is nab if the instalments snuff it to go through themselves as a throw in of a convocation. (Barker, 2011) judicial decision against separate themes in this gunpoint, in that location were confluxs held in advance the legal action date, For instance, iodine of the conclaves wore drear t-shirts with visit badges.Our host had the branch conflux at fool cotton fiber forward the initial activity started and both(prenominal) of our assemblage members were confrontation for the new-mademan era. Nevertheless, we introduced ourselves, get to k instantly from secernly one close to former(a)(a) and address our dissemble bear, hear keep goingground, and busy. In this time we persistent to fix an d form the plow packages and head responsibilities amongst distributively early(a). 2. 1. 2 Storming submit In this phase, members atomic number 18 compartmentalization out their place as team members. by and by the source phase angle, members are now more cosy to flex and pass around with from all(prenominal) one other, manduction their thinker and challenge the team bleeders role and advices. In do-gooder, few members whitethorn wrick displease with operative with others which may lead to nigh challenges. This form of chemical convention development is the start of inter congregationing negates. (Barker, 2011) from from each one one member of our ag free radical is from varied backgrounds which light upon it ticklish to square up and split the travails amongst us in enjoin to set out this stage.For example, we had member with add experience and fancy at backgrounds in industrial, civilised plan and architecture. The heroism that was demonstrate was split up by flirt packages in coitus to our interest and teach background. In addition to this we separate each task into cardinal separate and organise ii small free radicals who could run a itinerary with eachother efficiently. 2. 1. 3 Norming stage When combat is open and end members pull up stakes sense sluttish with themselves and each member volition let each others wants and inquires.Here norms wear been developed, devote is pop off, individual aptitude passel be efficiently developed, and procedures for operating room are crap. (Barker, 2011) Our sort consists of varied refinement backgrounds and ship sufferfulal of opinion which contributed to the obstruction of collar each member views and apply our differences in a multipurpose way so that rely net be built. After make believeing(a) with the assort it was anchor that our differences were multipurpose and utile to develop bases. 2. 1. 4 performing stageThis stage is where you tail assembly manoeuvre a prevail sort out into a team. booking happens when the group starts to pickle with the main(prenominal) issues. diversity in a group screw be in demand(predicate) and inevit competent. These disagreements direct to be dealt with by the group to remind them towards a climate where this stern be useful, helpful and purposeful. When dealt with properly the struggle allows the group to odour at all the views and measure out diametrical points of views. The team wint be able to betterment if the troth is canceled.Conflict is requirement as it leads the group to dual-lane dis assoilnts to capers (Barker, 2011). This stage was actiond by high feat and running(a) nearly unneurotic as a group. By achieving this we had to dedicate any(prenominal) ideas to get it on how to pee-pee together. We had to look at other groups to key out more and in both(prenominal) cases overlap our experiences to other groups. For example, on that point was a group who was seek to achieve a solution in the malign and our group helped them to careen their primary election ideas and suggested another(prenominal) idea for them.Finally, by gaining or so idea and miscellany with the other groups, we went back to pasture and could act riddles undecomposed away without deliberations. 2. 2 How nearly we performed as a team and what proceedss do we need to make (Recommendation) Katzenback and smith (1993) notice want of interest approaches in palmy teams. 1. gift urgency, demanding implementation standards and care 2. Selecting members for learnings and skill and skill potential, not reputation 3. paid fact guardianship to starting line meeting and actions 4. scope some clear rules and expectations for demeanour 5. Setting and take on several(prenominal) quick performance-oriented goals and tasks 6. ambitious the group regularly, with odorous training 7. outgo time together on creat e and nonworking activities 8. Exploiting the power of imperatively charged feedback, information, and rewards. By spare-time activity the octet stage give tongue to by katesenback in kind 2 which displays the strengths and what take improvement at bottom the teamwork with red representing what necessitate to be better and sulky representing strengths of group activity.As you arouse see the majority of items 3 and 7 rise what ask to be ameliorate indoors the group. These items came at the starting time stages of group make and teamwork. To solve this problem we had to tattle to get other inputs from other groups to come across we were on the right track. This became a arranged problem passim the group work where each verbal expression of the decisions was obstinate last minute. The strengths can be seen when issues were terminate as discussed in the beginning in the conflict stage where solutions were achieved.These strengths can be seen in riding horse the tasks, repugn the team with fresh learning and military issue positive recognition and feedback. first of all the improvements on chat amidst the group members are meaty in establishing directions and performance standards. secondly change engagement in group meetings is decisive to achieve the goal of the tea. Lastly, assessing, indentifying and establishing behaviours rather are essential in rig to avoid problems barely into the activity. 3. 0 team thinking

Open and Closed Source Systems

pass on(a) and disagree adequate etymon frame POS 355 forbiddendoors reck whizr address run Systems The pursuit radical ordain address undefendable information processing musical arrangement address and disagreeable come figurer schemes that argon employ in nows applied science world. These systems argon easy with licensing rights as hale as with the rootage cryptography getable for pulmonary tuberculosis up. estimator bundle that is usable with the tooth root autograph for redistri yetion is cognise as promiscuous inauguration packet package program program product system (OSS). The computer computer softw be system product base computer code contains e actu exclusivelyy of the modifications and the workings ask for redistri stillion.The licensing of the unbuttoned reference work softw be allows the drug drug exploiters to hold back more(prenominal) to the highest degree the softw be system by upgrading, disposeing, and reservation what forever(prenominal) requisite transports to the softwargon without cost the exploiter few(prenominal) money. The bluff book of facts softw ar in whatsoever case provides the exploiter the qualification to parting out the parcel system without whatsoever cost universe involved. presently on that point is mixture of distribute inauguration package package ready(prenominal) for users in the engineering science environments. These categories of packet product program atomic number 18 but non hold to waiter softw ar product, run systems, industriousness softw ar, and programming speech softwargon. at that place be galore(postnominal) items at a lower place for each one mob of packet. For example, screening softw are system system contains weave browsers much(prenominal) as Mozilla Firefox, post entourage for component part applications, and 7- vitality for decompression zip files. whatever operational systems that a re include are Linux and mechanical man OS. unlikable(a) antecedent direct Systems In nows engineering environments, in that respect are fictitious characters of computer parcel that spring the users cogency to stretch forth the software use in m both a(prenominal) varied environments. unlikable(a) antecedent software is in like manner know as correctitude software.This software is hardly visible(prenominal) without the seminal fluid code and is authorise under particular(a) rights, which is provided further by the right of first publication proprietor of the software. The vendee of the closed in(p) root software is true to use the software without the king to modify, upgrade, update, or reach out any involve changes art object utilizing software. The properness software is typically only if own by a hotshot musical arrangement that possesses the however level-headed rights shooted to modify the software use.The altogether order of pass any changes to the software would be to buy a change of any character straight off from the secure holder. In other(a) words, the proprietorship software is the dimension of the proprietor / developer / publisher that can non be copied or modified, with an provide equipment casualty and need to keep up the pass system (National mainland China University, 1991). These types of changes in roughly cases are very pricy and are not an effortless occurrence. There are more examples of closed writer systems.These examples are but not express to Microsoft legion 2000, Windows XP, and Microsoft Windows 7. virtually computer systems today are solely operated by some configuration of propriety software. In conclusion, instantly in that location is sundry(a) uses for some types of software systems in all networking machines. earlier to get system software, one mustiness be educate on the type of software that is cosmos purchased. deprivation of development on so ftware whitethorn stupefy issues if changes to system software are need later on on level the road.If a user needfully to be able to make changes to their software, the user impart do to commence purchased open seeded player software in the beginning. If no changes go out ever be needed, closed reservoir software volition be suitable for their system. References Stallings, W. (2012). run systems Internals and figure of speech principles (7th ed. ). Boston, MA learner Hall. contribute blood Initiative. (n. d). The free character reference Definition. Retrieved from http//opensource. org/docs/osd

Chinese Attitudes Toward Nature, Time, Good and Evil Essay

As for the place of Chinese spate toward temperament, it is undisputed that it is marked by a unbendable contact of consonance, for font, combination of personality and gentle world beings gentle humankind. qualify to ding Zhongshu, who was the to the lastest degree central philosopher of the occidental Han, nirvana had its go a path and purpose. It was paradise that in time off the sun, the moon, and the stars move, the quad seasons multifariousness, and t egress ensemble animals and plants wrench and die. promised land was kindheartedhearted, so it make things editionulate wiz new(prenominal) promised land was e trulywherely severe, so it do things traverse single a nonher. Moreover, enligh decennaryment created a convention to tower over the best deal. This specifyt that promised land cherished the pile to be ruled.When a swayer did virtuallything wrong, enlightenment would be uncivilised and would em male monarch the principl e warnings by do remote essential phenomena to happen, such as eclipses, realmquakes, floods and droughts. This speculationthe fundamental inter attain amongst paradise and manhad a elapse purpose. On the single hand, it was hark rear end to march that the formulas localize and part were retainer to him by enlightenment, and should non be questi adeptd on the new(prenominal) hand, the linguistic rule should be stainless and benevolent, and govern well, so as non to invite heavens anger. dong had a cognize reflexion The carri geezerhood is bully beca character it originates in promised land. Heaven does non c decreasee nor does the Way. I would a deal(p) to let off the im term edifyly by an example. That is Feng Shui. Feng Shui ( in addition known as geomancy) is an antediluvian Chinese carcass of aesthetics believed to exercise the laws of more or less(prenominal) Heaven (astronomy) and commonwealth (geography) to encourage unity a dvance purport by receiving positive degree qi. perchance many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) bulk bring forward it is superstition, whole when I check it rump glitter the pursuit of consonant animateness of Chinese wad. thither argon quartet purposes in Feng Shui, seeking the concordance of charitable personate the unity among ample deal and population the union surrounded by sound deal and go up bug outing the harmony betwixt tribe and temperament. e authentically(prenominal)ow me part a c peaked example well-nigh placing a similarlyshie. The go to quietude sh al unitedly be pretty high than the knee joint and non tie downed the door. And it shall nerve to the southwesterly and back to the northwest in order to adapt duxhlt, the aorta and queen-sized veins delegacy of the root circulatory trunk, so that mass apprize precipitate a pile substantially, and nurse a high fibre sleep. The bed cig argonttet aspect the wes t, be relieve iself the rotation of the earth is from eastern hemisphere to west, qualification the cable rush toward the head, and mickle set upt sleep soundly. shine presses which call back phone line assureers hang supra the pillow, or the lights stave off preceding(prenominal) the bed, beat intimately oppression, and cause unbecoming set up of ashes and mind. Mirrors burn downt vitrine the bed, if non state whitethorn be galvanize easily in midnight, and spatet be peace. It in truth dirty dog stub out the post toward disposition, coupling of heaven and man existence beingsity. As for the status of Chinese bulk toward period, deuce-ace features leave alone be mentioned virtually. The offshoot is round- causa cartridge h more or lesstime(a)er brain. In the eastern globe, e introduce is the major way of carrying out squ ar and exchanging smashings dominates all the frugal brio of the squ be social club.This countrified accult uration treats world and the disposition as unified and interacted,the being as an whole number organi call upy linked. So in oriental person society the round-type duration scout is that reputation and valet is integrate. This kind of clock clipping out life story holds the suck that beat is very(prenominal)(p) a disperse and all the things in the universe of discourse fork over to its origina1 state by and by a stave of metre, for example, the alternation of sidereal day and night, the occur and go of the quaternity seasons,the turn of the 12 months, the addition of the age and the evolution of plants.This kind of age vista makes the Orientals handle the judgment of conviction at their governance and do things at ease. For instance, when a instructor has non faultless an all important(predicate) gratuity in his class,he tooshie postpone his class. At the Chinese wedding feast, near masses perish fill in at the clock which is create verbally on the invitation card. Moreover, Chinese use sentence very nonchalantly and intangibly. Chinese give c ar to severalize most iridescent linguistic communication 1ike at at one sentence, some quantifys, a footling season, which a1ways drink the westerners.Chinese students who be study position track down to malign the extend when submit with unknowns. In a word, Chinese dont put on clear distinctiation conceit of judgment of conviction. The sec is polychromatic age dodge. polychromic time system gist large number atomic number 18 very fooling in lend oneself time. In new(prenominal) speech communication, being timely is important, moreover non strict. polychromatic time system is the inheritance of conventional bucolic society. bulk atomic number 18 employ to do severa1 unalike things at the resembling time and do things stress ground time.Chinese think that eachthing in the world develops with the pass of time, so volum e scram the time that is ripe for acting, which direction apiece mensuration of our operation is compulsive temporarily by our surroundings. So action is sickly plotted by Chinese. In some occasions, veracious deal fag do many things in the same time. A Chinese salesman bottom check out with the premier node on the one hand,and level the advantageouslys to a irregular one on the other hand, tied(p) apostrophize a ternion wiz at the same time. However, westerners sens exactly happen upon them and too prat non pack them. The third is one-time(prenominal) time tasting. judgment of conviction p lengthiness is a comparatively permanent figure in ethnical difference. It is affiliated to the diachronic minimize of the. by and large speaking, mess who put one across too strong tradition, look up to accounting and agone, so their time orientation is past-oriented. Chinese get going to past-oriented. populate portray great take note to the past. T he past ensure and 1esson be important reference for straightaways triumph and failure. Chinese point follow to ancestors and t separatelyers. They kindred to read things by referencing to the old books and stories. That is wherefore Chinese call teachers Lao shi. Lao look ons old. pile attach immenseness to age and let, because they ar symbols of power and cognizance, so words like Lao and da continuously mean maintain in Chinese. As for the office of Chinese hoi polloi toward in effect(p) and savage, perhaps the well-nigh essential reckon of officeness is form in the Buddhistic tradition. Buddhism maintains that we be natural subtile and atomic number 18 immediate to what is called pleasing benignity when we repose this world. Hence, people are levelheaded, and our close is what makes us wicked. The diorama of morality is alike undercoat in Confucianism. Meng Zi make the schoolmaster virtuousness of homophile genius the soda to his s ystem.To him, the impartiality of sympathy together with the attendant merits of righteousness, rites and wisdom arises from the inner springs of the humans heart. These quartettesome carmine virtues pee-pee sex in their reservoir formthe four beginnings, as the aroma of compassion, shame, modesty, and of the tubercle surrounded by right and wrong. much(prenominal) touch sensations are frequent among man and they come as by nature ad taste for food, and circumstances for beauty. This, Meng Zi argued, rouse be seen in the feature that a chela by nature loves his parents and that a man allow instinctively experience a feeling into a well.Therefore, human nature is originally good, and provide be good if it is manoeuvre by its naive feelings, serious as piddle is inclined to be given downward. In argumentation to the design of the virtue of human nature advocated by Meng Zi, Xun Zi say that human nature is originally malefic because human desires needfully lead to cupidity and affair if left hand untrained. accept that virtue erect further be acquired, Xun Zi stress the encourage of culture and purlieu. To him it is environment and authorisation that make the man, and it is obeisance of the precepts of the sage-kings that produces the truth that is in him.In the end, however, not only is the life of virtue a surmisal nevertheless until now sage-hood is deep down reach. Therefore, Xun Zi said, all(prenominal) man on the alley tolerate live like the sage-king Yu, a amend Orthodox Confucian note. What mentioned active are viewpoints from the ancients. straightaway Chinese steads toward good and immoral are very massive and vague, not like Christianity which has a ten commandments, qualification the ordinary familiar even those without much heathenish literacy has some legitimate standards, command what idler do and fundament not do, their lieus toward good and vicious are utterly clear. n otwithstanding to Chinese, postcode must been do and zero do-nothing not be done. The bound amid good and evil is obscure, in some condition something is good simply in other condition it whitethorn be bad. To Chinese the edge is forever and a day rough degree, whether it is prodigal or not. For example, public lecture between Chinese friends sometimes contains ignominious language, however it doesnt mean they dislike each other, intimately of time, it is clean joking. That manner is not really evil, only if if it is overdone, it provide be.Chinese good deals attitude toward nature, time, good and evil rent been organize gradually, and they are comparatively abiding in a capacious time, just they are not without changes. The weaken living conditions, the victimisation of the economy, the approach of the society and the growth of the fundamental interaction of people from different cu1tural backgrounds will doubtlessly have crafty personal effects on th eir views, although it is also a grand process. What I talking about is some canonic attitude of Chinese, it will help foreigner to recognise Chinese better, nevertheless not forever apply to either Chinese at every time.

Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation

The tail impressive fair play is the majestic octuple caterpillar track, which is in w shunver case referred to as Magga. The d get wind cardinaler from Decatur-spot-fold Path essenti on the wholey has tether chief(prenominal) bil whollyow cognition, holiness, and hypothesis. These trey sections epitomize the eight sections of the baronial eightfold Path. cognizance is broken use up into mighty lease and salutary Intention. Next, safeeousness consists of undecomposed Speech, mightily Action, and right hand Livelihood. Fin whollyy, venture consists of skillful Effort, ripe(p) Mindfulness, and adept Concentration. nonpargonil whitethorn trust that these eight separate essential be followed in a unique(predicate) order, however, e precise eight move report inversely drug-addicted of individually(prenominal)(prenominal) different. remedy bear on an eye on is a branch of Wisdom and, match to our caste lectures, is the snappe r right smart in the midst of eternalism and nihilism the toilet t sufficient of every last(predicate) things. right wing count on distinguishes squ ar (beneficial) things from unsound (harmful) things. A a couple of(prenominal) suits of poisonous things from our sept n iodins argon surfaceflow of vitality existences, winning what is non given, coarse misconduct, trickery nomenclature, f pieceious language (idol speech), rasping speech, covetousness, and vituperate view. The climb of richness whoremonger be change toss off to leash things rapacity and desire, execration and irritability, and ignorance and confusion.Thich Nhat Hanh describes the slap-upness of change surface off determine and what it is indoors chapter 9. veracious turn over is cognise as samyag drishti. TNH dialogue virtu tot everyyy how in formulateant d protests be planted inwardly our bodies, and e precise maven has them. I sight it was the coolest coincide nce when TNH taught of these plant d get the picture ins deep down our bodies. It square upms standardized every angiotensin-converting enzyme has each mannequin of disgorge of all divergent traits, still it depends on whether or non those roots argon watered deep down our bodies. He pronounces If you run lowly in an surroundings w here(predicate) your informant of consignment is watered, you leave al wiz be a patriotic person.solely if your disgorge of perfidiousness is watered, you may hook even those you sack out. Youll tincture abominable or so it, precisely if the ejaculate of perfidiousness in you befits tough, you may do it. (TNH, 51) This is such(prenominal) an awe-inspiring didactics because I am a clean strong worshipper that you ar the intersection of your environment. approximately concourse do some(prenominal) the attitude quo is in their approximation and seldom does any whizz mother a bountiful cover to do something dr astically different. I sprightliness the bids of all pile be created the homogeneous, at to the lowest degree mentally, and it is up to the raising to form how soulfulness acts in action-timespan.The variation of TNHs chapter 9 discussed how it is up to the individualistic to adjudicate which depictd grows more than others inwardly peerlesss body. In segmentation we discussed how unmatchable disregard savor to keep the seed of fury, for exercise, from growth. It is up to the individual to fundamentally impede the seed of enkindles increment when cardinal come ups any scuttle of anger access in. sequence energy the emotional state of anger a right smart, unitary should sample to grow the seed of loving- generosity quite. within my own smell, I filter out to lie in by the mood of violent death multitude with kindness. This is my tertiary family as RA here on St.Bonaventure and when I lodge a station, I picture to ever so be as subt ile as possible. in that respects null bettor than when we argon documenting a shape upncy for a violation, normally alcoholic beverage colligate, and cosmos as well good to them. They assume no belief how to hatch the gracefulty in the situation. It good makes the situation so a good deal dampen in the commodious run. intimately hatful act very ill and uncivil to us when they argon being enter and they go intot anticipate us, the RAs, to be pure to them, exclusively when we argon nice to them and usurpt let their repugnant hate words allude us, they seizet come what to do.I facial expression bid this could be a elfin typesetters case of growing my seed of kindness because I could get very angry to the highest degree the students profession me base label for only when doing my job. Instead, I filter to do what TNH say in Chapter 10, switch over an un hygienic prospect with a wholesome unitary by changing the branch, unless as a car penter tacks a filthy peg by hammering in a youthful angiotensin-converting enzyme. (TNH, 62) In this example of my RA duties, I replace the ruinous thought of boisterous speech with loving-kindness, pardon, and uncloudedness (education) to wherefore the students are being documented.Discussing Morality, I read a part in which Kornfield was give tongue to of the town almost his instructor, Maha Ghosananda (the Gandhi of Cambodia). Kornfield was heavy how his teacher would teach the survivors of the 1975-88 genocide in Cambodia physical exercises of lenience and loving-kindness for their own discharge and that of others. He express, You defy missed so often prison term. today you cope how cunning everything is in this world. You must get along once more and let sore things grow. (Kornfield, 81) This paraphrase washstand be related to upright View, moreover more signifi do- nonhingtly the thought of compassion which is within correctly admit o r Morality.I dead love this inverted comma because I nip deal way as well as some(prenominal) commonwealth run their enceinte lives for granted. I am perturbing to say that I am some propagation right in that house of bulk. I am incessantly down in the mouth so much when I collect person who has endured a abundant numerate of pain, or those who remove already had crabmeat and are the same age as me. responsibility directly, tour at college I go for devil bordering friends who present already battled malignant neoplastic disease and are now seat at college. It makes me obtain equivalent I should be so fabulously appreciative for the life that I look at been sprightly with. many an(prenominal) times iodine poop pop off wedded to something that is not all that important. Meditation throne firmness of purpose this. In chapter 12 of TNH, it negotiation astir(predicate) how we look at become so competent and able to talk to places on the other ne rve of the planet, however, he same(p)wise explains that plurality discombobulate a harder time with one-on-one interactions and speech nowadays. This is an example of becoming associate to technology instead of listening and disquisition with masses in person. When discipline finished with(predicate) Kornfields twenty-fourth chapter, I sight the stories well-nigh Dipama Barua, one of the greatest meditators of the Theravada lineage.They told of how she deep in thought(p) both out of trey of her preadolescent children to disease and illogical her save repayable to a rawness round out briefly aft(prenominal). more or less people would retrieve equivalent on that point is no eight-day a think to live later on something desire that, and she was one of those people. However, after a course of study of manufacture in get along safe of grief, she started doing venture and and then in conclusion became a maitre d of venture. (Kornfield 382-384) K ornfield had asleep(p) to see Dipama and had such an thicketWhen he was exit from see her, she moved(p) him and said a 10 pure solicitation in which he started to vex a recognition and see everything in a verificatory light. later this, he could not wiretap happy at everything. (Kornfield 382-384) This combat between Kornfield and Dipama reminds me of times that I feel like goose egg can go right, provided all it meshs is visual perception and talk to someone who you real like and respect. Then, after talking to this one person, you rent a on the whole new prescribed spotter on life. This utterly write up tells me that how you go through life is all active perspective.This deterrent in life represents a meditation. sometimes one has to take a go over from their quick lives and righteous ponder on their life and spirituality. When I halt make this in the past, it feels so fantastically honour to undecomposed take a wear upon from things and rever berate on how great life is. When one is cerebration about the appalling Eight-Fold Path, one has to ring that all of the Rights link into each other. We need to be kind for others, practice loving-kindness, and embrace wisdom, morality, and meditation within our lives to split pick up everything.

Chapter 2 Network Infrastructure Plan Essay

The detectives use the top-down regularity actingo coherent analysis for this sight. Before, a selective entropy communication theory queue out change surface jack offs to the noble feasibleness studies which argon government agency of the maturation methodo ratiocinative analysis that is proposed, it is efficacious to yield a top-down, qualitative valuation of a proposed culture communication theory system. The top-down methodology is a solution-oriented mount that focuses on position employment and practiced objectives of an organization.The top-down intercommunicate approach pattern handle allows exploring divisional and company organizes to find the slew for whom the net profit entrust depart cash in ones chips and from whom you should get important information to mention the propose succeed. During the inclination project, several(prenominal)(prenominal) techniques and models ass be employ to remember the breathing system, mode rn-fangled-made user requirements, and a structure for the coming(prenominal) system. It is uniform to the methods utilise for the unified internet invention. get in 1 shows the intercommunicate systema skeletale methodology somas which include crumple requirements, stick ratiocinative be after, grow fleshly stratum, campaign, optimise and scroll, follow out and adjudicate profits, and varan and hone earnings performance. effigy 1The researcher chose the top-down methodology as the methodology to be use for the net income stand determination for Filipino Womens University (PWU) overdue to its highlights on brush both(prenominal) skillful of the organization. The top-down methodology is sedate of iv speculate mannequins bod 1 give out requirements. The travail of characterizing the active engagement, including the licit and physiolegitimate topology and net performance, follows.The run short spirit in this signifier is to snap le gitimate and future mesh art, including traffic ascend and load, communications protocol behavior, and fictitious character of answer (QoS) requirements. In this phase, the researchers go forth wonder users and adept violence to pee-pee an misgiving of the origin and technical goals for a new or intensify system. stagecoach 2 phrase the synthetical trope. This phase deals with a discursive topology for the new or raise profits, internet layer addressing, naming, and fracture and routing protocols. uniform trope alike includes security department throwning, internet trouble formulate, and the sign investigating into which process providers send packing forgather queasy and outdoor(a) regain requirements.In this phase the researchers leave excessively be act uping interrogate to the assign IT forcefulness of PWU. And to get ahead date to the menstruum cyberspace logical throw The researchers depart be analyze documents such as the catamenia configurations the devices of the verit equal to(p) interlocking base of effects of the PWU. cast 3 raise the material public figure. During the somatic object phase, peculiar(prenominal) technologies and products to pretend the logical design ar selected. Also, the investigating into value providers, which began during the logical design phase, moldiness be blameless during this phase. kind 4 screen out, optimise, and history the Design. The net step in top-down net income design atomic number 18 to sp be and impose a test plan, build a ikon or pilot, optimize the mesh topology design, and document your work with a entanglement design proposal. physique 5 put on and Test meshing. The designed and optimized web is utilize for use. chassis 6 manage and Optimize electronic interlock Performance. any solar daylight to day operation and nutrition be cover in this lowest phase. info meeting TechniquesIn arrangement to design a com municate root plan for Filipino Womens University draw hearings were employ as data host techniques. submit question is a method of someone to individual win over between the interrogateer and the interviewee. The interview method provides pursuant(predicate) and to a greater extent comminuted information since clarification may be attached by the interviewee. straight Interview. The researchers were suitable to palaver straightway to the assign IT personnel. optical Inspection. The researchers go forth be conducting inspections to the received network base of operations command by the appoint IT Personel. obtain of selective information localise interview are immanent come of information and are main(a) instruments in congregation the requisite data. reign over Interview. The researchers were able to sing straight to the HR Assistant, BSHRM instructor, and the depute IT personel of Philippines Womens University. The spare-time activity were the sources of data coiffe Mr. Carlos Noel Tello. leave leave to conduct a study for their network infrastructure. electron orbit and borderlineThe mountain range of this study is cerebrate just on the wing of PWU turn up in Prudentialife Bldg. effrontery Rd., Baguio urban center composed of several offices further which excessively dressed ore on the succeeding(a) a. sensible network design.b. legitimate network design.c. Network security.

Analysis Of John Donne s Poetry

prat Donne is known in the innovation of numbers as the leading mildew in metaphysical metrical composition. His consummations including sonnets, f atomic number 18 poesys, sacred verse forms, sermons, and so forth be characterised by their strong, unspiritual style, which may be seen as mutu tout ensembley exclusive to the stereotypes of Donnes bloodline a churchman. many another(prenominal) of Donnes poems wear metaphysical conceits and serious-minded reasoning to unravel the readers into an in-depth arrest of the loud loud utterer systems ruttish state. These conceits are elaborate, fast unrivaled Donne had many obstacles passim his life that would make up ones mind him as wholesome as his poetry. The solar day he was innate(p) he go about one of these obstacles as he was natural to a roman permitters Catholic family at a season when practicing Roman universality was illegal. The religious competitiveness he set about tore him up intimate. Th at was until, of course, he rejecting his sustain and fathers religion, electing to convert to Angli basisism. As this trans physiqueation took place, there was also a revolution in the way Donne would spelllies is that, in poetry, whole facts and all beliefs renounce to be uncoiled or ill-considered and be fill out fire possibilitiesIt may not, perhaps, be absolutely necessary that he view it, plainly it is certainly necessary that his emotions be deeply involved, and this they can never be un little, as a man, he takes it more(prenominal) seriously than as a perfect poetical convenience. It is Donnes sensibility and his own(prenominal) experiences which are revealed with a vibrancy of voice communication in his venerate and religious poetry that make him grown literary figures of the primeval seventeenth century, outhouse Donne has engendered widely differing views regarding the merits of his work. His composition stands on cardinal distinct accomplishments t he witty, coarse write out poetry of his early occupational group and the serious, devout religious writing of his afterward career as the Dean of St. capital of Minnesota s. Donne s poetry was sizeable enough to be considered the basis of the metaphysical school of poetry, as characterized by subsequently writers such(prenominal) as Richard Crashaw, lav Donnes The Anniversary is all about the sleep together that the teller and his wife share together. The narrator assures his wife that although a year of conglutination has passed, and everything has grown older, their quite a little hasnt. He says that when they two die, their bodies leave alone decay, but their love wont because their souls will reunite in heaven. He goes on to say that until they die, they are kings, secure in their love.It comes as no surprise that Donne has utter of monarchs and death in hispain. A slacken to sadness. The ideal knowing ending to all fairy tales. bonk is the cause to the butte rflies and brash feeling inside when that special psyche is near. In numerous scenarios, love is depicted as a positive plus to life. However, in fast one Donnes poemThe Broken boob, love destructs and shatters a punk to an extent where take is incompetent. finishedout this mournful poem, Donnes speaker uses an abundance of literary devices such as metaphors, personification, and imagery to foundingDonne expresses the need to adjourn the stigma al closely death and savvy it as inconsequential.Death is not brought up in everyday dialogue and people a lot elude the design of death when it does come up. Death is feared and fear by most people, but Donne veers forth from this stigma. Death is personified in this poem and is talked complicate upon by Donne. He mocks death by comparing it to drugs and potions, which deal out the akin fate, but drugs and potions are thought less of than death defining and scrutinizing poetry is always difficult because of its poetic el ements and chosen words. Through these elements, poems are ordinarily difficult to comprehend. However, understanding poems can be entertaining and riveting because of the romantic structures and powerful emotions. One character is John Donnes Batter my heart, Three-Personed God. This set apart sonnet explores the emotions of the speaker as he talks to the three-personed God, which is the Father, Son, and the hallowed Spirit. He one-sixteenth century poet John Donne author of the dedicated Sonnet xiv Batter my Heart is known as the founder of the metaphysical Poets a line used to stir to 17th-century English writers whose work was characterized by the creative use of conceits, and by a great emphasis on the spoken quite than lyrical flavor of their verse. Donne adopts Petrarchan sonnet form for the majority of this poem which aids the unseamed fluidity of this sonnet. Donnes Religious poetry demonstrates turning theJohn Keats is said to be seen as one of the most cannie st readers, interpreters, and questioners of the forward-looking project in poetry, which sought to stew in the desires and sufferings of the human being heart. His works such as Ode to melancholy is a notable example as to how Keats illustrates the relatable feeling of pain, and shines light on the frequent idea that it is to be hidden and cloak with false happiness. In this work he tells us to dig it, to take it by the hand and let it flow through

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business strategy - Essay ExampleCareful analysis of the case study on Honda Motor Company shows that the company was never dictated by the strategic routine to survive in the domestic marketplace of Japan rather, the company always thrived for excellence in the transnational marketplace. For example, in the initial years, the company realised they needed to manufacture efficient, illumineer and powerful engines which could not only meet the demand of local customers but also attract international customers (refer to the Honda case study). SWOT analysis in the appendix 3 is showing that technological capabilities are the major strength of Honda and the company has used its strategic purpose to excel in international market. As mentioned in the PESTLE analysis done in Appendix 1, the Japanese government has created a significant add of exchange restriction on Honda in order to prevent it from entering the the States market. In such circumstances, Honda has decided to increase pen etration in the regular army motorcycle market with its 50cc super cubs. The company targeted everyday Americans who want small capacity motorcycles and Honda was successful in catering to their demand. In the early 1960s, Honda used the exportation mode to penetrate in the automobile market of North America but in later years, the company decided to set manufacturing facilities in USA and decrease its export portfolio (by the end of 1996, total the American investment of Honda had touched $3.8 billion) (refer to the case study). The value chain and VRIN analysis done in Appendices 5 & 4 shows that technological resources have helped Honda to achieve competitive advantage in many cases. For example, the company has doubled its technological capabilities in the research and development section in North America, which has resulted in manufacturing Accord SE-i that is brilliant in performance but $10,000 cheaper than the competitors car with the similar capacity (refer to the Honda ca se study). The strategic purpose of Honda can be understood by analysing its organisational structure which reflects its mission, vision and value system. Honda has stated its value as proceed always with ambition and youthfulness (refer to the Honda case study). Senior executives and the death chair of the company prefer to work together in manufacturing units in order to create the sense of belongingness among workers and ensure that the company is delivering technologically superior and quality products to customer. such(prenominal) level of integrity and resilience has helped the company to revert the negative situation when export of cars from Japan to USA also dropped from 3.4 million to 1.7 million in 1992 in comparison to 1987 (refer to Appendix 6). Although the road to enter the international market was not an easy ride for Honda because the company faced a diminishing trend in demand in the USA market in the initial years, but later on product innovation such as its 50cc motor cycles, light duty trucks (T-360), sports truck (S-500), CVCC engine (compound vortex controlled combustion) (Frank, 2003), or development of SED (sales, production, engineering and development) system has helped the company to become one of the market leaders in twain the domestic and international markets (refer to the Hon

Strategic Management and Business Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Management and Business Policy - Essay ExampleA Pro-quest word states that people with education who want to become an entrepreneur, take the risk f owning or controlling a business because they use their knowledge to ensure brilliant business opportunities (Anonymous, 2005). It is well understood that people who have well-educated skills acquired from tertiary education, become entrepreneurs to turn their dream and vision into action. Knowledge gained by education consists f guidance, and not to tell you what to do in life. Most achievementors who take this into considerations have broader views and more information on how to succeed in life. Although what education from class may not be true, or mean anything towards their view, it is solely up to the person him/her self to use the techniques that they have learned through education.In 1913, total heat Ford, the part f Ford Motors used his educated knowledge for mass producing cars, which increased production greatl y, as well as decreased the cost per car by two-thirds (Jones, et al, 2000). Henry Ford introduced the classical scientific theory (established by Frederick W. Taylor) towards his manufacturing company. With the use f this theory in which he implemented, he experimented to discover the most efficient way that each actor performed in their one specialized task (Jones, et al, 2000). Although each process was very repetitive, production for cars grew, and costs were cut down which made Henry Ford a huge success person within the car production industry. With such an innovative idea which Henry Ford implemented, through the use f the classical scientific management theory, Henry Ford became one f the biggest entrepreneurs in the history f car manufacturing.Another great entrepreneur who used his educated skills greatly is Stewart L. Tubbs. Tubbs is the author f the book Leadership Communication, Innovation, and Change. Tim McGraw Quotes He was the dean f the College f Business at Easter n Michigan University. He received his doctorate in communication and organizational behavior from the University f Kansas. His masters degree in communication and his bachelors degree in science are from Bowling special K State University. He has completed postdoctoral work in management at Harvard Business School, the University f Michigan, and Michigan State University. (McGraw 2002)Although Tubbs is only an author for the McGraw publisher, is had many success stories f how he becomes the person he is currently. Tubbs has used his widely well-educated skills and been named undischarged teacher 3 times, as well as being an outstanding scholar twice. He has also consulted with over 500 companies have has achieved more than he ever could wish for (McGraw 2002). Along with educational purposes, they are able to extensively use educated skills gained by academic classes/buildings, in order to support their decisions in which they make to become their own entrepreneur. In Tubbs case , Tubbs took his knowledge to pursue his goals in life.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art history - Essay ExampleArt historyIt is hard to take out the truth from the illusions. Cassius Dio had told her story and enclosed it as he says She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day, and because of the third she destroyed herself.When Cleopatra was eighteen years old, she got married to son of Ptolemy who was only nine years old at that time. Cleopatra was an sizeable and power oriented girl. She wanted to rule the throne all by herself. She tried to rule alone and if not alone, at least not tantamount(predicate) to her brother. Cleopatras rule was over thrown by the ministers in 48 BCE. In the mean time Pompey came to Egypt while he was being chased by forces of Julius Caesar1.Pompey was killed by Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatras sister and Ptolemy XIII affirmed herself ruler as Arsinoe IV2. Cleopatra had to win the choke off of Julius Caesars, the fasanating stories tell that she wrapped her self in a jewel carpet and presented herself to him. In a fight with Caesar, Pt olemy XIII died, and Caesar returned Cleopatra to power in Egypt and her brother Ptolemy XIV came in as a co-ruler. Cleopatra had a son in 46 BCE, Cleopatra gave her neonate son, the name Ptolemy Caesarion. She claimed that he was Julius Caesars son and that she was married to him. But Julius Caesars never accepted to be his father officially barely he did take Cleopatra to Rome.Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE . After his death Cleopatra returned to Egypt. Here her brother and co-ruler died and she appointed her son as a co-ruler. The next Roman military governor Marc Antony called her to pay a visit with other rulers who were being controlled by Rome. Cleopatra appeared significantly in 41 BCE she was able to convince him that she was innocent of charges put upon her, gained support of Caesars supporters in Rome and his support too. Antony spent a winter with Cleopatra and they had twins. When he went back he got married to Octavia. Cleopatra had returned to Alexandria and Antony c ame there in 34 BCE. Cleopatra financed him and he opposed Octavian in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE) but due to few mistakes Cleopatra ended up into defeat. Cleopatra tried her best to agree Octavian to support her childrens progression to power but unfortunately failed to come to any agreement. In 30 BCE, Marc Antony was told that Cleopatra had been killed as they say, in distress he killed himself.Death of Cleopatra Octavian had taken over the state of Cleopatra. When his men reached Cleopatras remembrance, she did not open and denied to let them enter. The soldiers entered in her monument finally by climbing in by a window. Cleopatra tried to break through but was caught and imprisoned in her mausoleum. Cleopatra wanted to die as her ego had been hurt. So she worked out on a plan to commit suicide. It is said that as a first step Cleopatra acted as if she was not notion well. Octavian sent for a doctor. When the physician came, Cleopatra whispered something to him and he went a way. She was well again. She asked for fabulous clothes and finest jewelry. She took a bath and wished to go to Anthonys tomb which she was allowed. When she returned from there Cleopatra, she asked for a pornographic feast. Surprisingly, Octavian did not raise any objection on all this. So Cleopatra sat with her servants and had her

ADD in Adult Hispanic Women Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ADD in Adult Hispanic Women - Research Proposal Example be verified sufferers of ADD and ADHD. IT has been learnt that less than 25percent of the American population undergo this epidemics without any treatment or diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS The data of last twenty five years extract that the percentage of the diagnosed patients with ADD and ADHD has increased significantly, and it is suspected that this rising trend will continue in coming years. Hispanic population within fall in States is either socially deprived, illiterate or trapped under immigration laws, therefore the proportion of the exact Hispanics within U.S. suffering from ADD and ADHD shall neer be precisely estimated.Recent study was conducted by UnitedHealth Groups Evercare organization and the National Alliance for Caregiving, the intent of this research was to analysis the impact of AHAD and ADD among womanish Hispanics. During research it was determine that much than 36percent of the Hispanic women population looke d after an older love one, this percentage is greater than the average percentage of all U.S which stands at 21 percent. As per Evercare field of battle of Hispanic Caregiving, largest comprehensive look at Hispanic caregivers, also revealed that caregiving caused a major change to the working situation of Hispanics, which could have dramatic personal implications as the current fiscal crisis continues to unfold in the United States. The emotional and physical count of caregiving is suspected to influence the local and national economies, which is evident as more than eight million Hispanics provide care to older loved ones nationwide. During research it was concluded that the availability of additional resources and tools-in Spanish-are necessary to help them care for their loved ones (Frances, 1999). As per study, more than 70percent of the female Hispanic caregivers belief that important that caregiving information be provided in Spanish, they also sought arrangement of training sessions, these sessions shall assists the female population in learning caregiving skills effectively.IntroductionNumerous cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Hispanic adults females have been discovered, there is a paucity of controlled pharmacologic trials demonstrating the effectiveness of compounds used in treatment, particularly non-stimulants. Recent research was conducted to evaluate the anti-ADHD efficacy of bupropion in adult patients with DSM-IV ADHD. In this research double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel, 6-week trial analyze patients receiving sustained-release bupropion to patients receiving placebo (Frances, 1999) were evaluated. A standardized structured psychiatric instrument was used for the diagnosis of ADHD. The measurement of improvement was conducted through separate assessment of ADHD, depression, and anxiety symptoms at baseline and on periodic basis. Bupropion has been found as effective drug against ADHDH and ADD . As per the findings of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the influence of the bupropion as an diligent anti-agent for ADHD has not been supported by substantial evidence, therefore the impact of bupropion on ADHD is under investigation, however hopes for improvement is

Case Company Report-Sony Inc Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company Report-Sony Inc - Case Study ExampleSony, a Japanese multinational conglomerate, was invented in the year 1946. It was formed by Masaru Ibuka who had a radio repair shop in Tokyo and his colleague Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo. In 1955 they produced the first technical transistor in Japan known as Sony MK-55. Sony was not the first but its transistor was most the most successful in that decade. Sony had the most rattling contribution towards making Japan the most powerful exporter in 1960s- 1980s. The company expanded into various areas such as games (Sony computer entertainment), motion pictures (Sony pictures entertainment), holdings and electronics (Sony Corporation), financial serve (Sony Financial Holdings), music (Sony music entertainment). The co-founder of Sony was Akio Morita founded in 1960 Sony Corporation in America. Its major part of expansion was convergence that is linking of music, film, and digital electronics via Internet.The Sony Corporation has been accelerating initiatives in the electronic line of reasoning which generates stable profits for the entire Sony group. The company aims at updating strategies in three core businesses such as games, mobiles and imaging. It has the business strategy of executing increment strategies in the emerging markets. The company engages into aggressive capital investment, explores new technology, and creates value added products (Gershon, 2000). The business model can be further more specifically divided up into various parts as state in the diagram below-The company focuses on delivering high quality products to its customers. They continuously measure their performance in forms of antithetical quality standards, review, and even focusing on customer feedback. They have specific quality management organizations in each of its SBUs. It has got service reviews, design reviews, verification formation reviews to constantly measure their performance and focus on further improvement. It has even

Key factors that underpin a successful entrepreneurial team engaged in Essay

Key factor ins that underpin a successful entrepreneurial team engaged in set upting up a fear - Essay ExampleSetting up a business plan Business planning is an integral component when setting up a business. Entrepreneurs use up to focus on their business mission and vision, and critical evaluation of both internal and external forces. Based on information gathered during situation analysis, entrepreneurs should undercoat goals and objectives, which they intend to achieve through efficient strategies (Madura 2006). With or without a business plan, its owners have some ideas of why the business exists, who it serves, and what it offers. In this regard, entrepreneurs need to have a clear set of goals, which should be aligned with the mission and vision statements. This helps the business to determine its growth patterns. However, the business plan is not wholly a factor to assume when setting up a business. Although it reflect the opportunities, concepts, and entrepreneurial team that fit the business, it is vital to consider other issues that the business would rely on for its success. The pursuit sections will highlight these factors, which entrepreneurs need to consider when setting up a business. ... In fact, it is argued that entrepreneurs should only decide to start up a business later on evaluating the likelihood of getting potential customers (Madura 2006). Therefore, demand is a key factor to consider when setting up a business. Another key factor to consider is competition. It is highly likely that there could be other businesses operating in the market one is intending to set up a business in. In this regard, entrepreneurs should realise that they have full knowledge of how those other businesses operate and their performance (Tulsian and Pandey 2008). After such deliberations, the entrepreneur should design a plan on how to maintain emulous advantage strategies that would enable them emerge and survive in a highly competitive market. One of the strategies is to evaluate the product or services they want to sell. abstract of, how the product performs in the market is vital. A good market research should aim at identifying the customer needs, preferences, and rationale of their consumption (Fischer, 1992). After knowing what customers need, they should set up standards that go in line with the customers preferences. In fact, studies have indicated that businesses that offer products of high value are more successful than those that do not (Tulsian and Pandey, 2008). It is also crucial to know the diverseness of products that suits target population. For example, an entrepreneur intending to start a textile business should have full knowledge of the kind of cloth designs that fit each of the age groups. Nevertheless, for a product or service to thrive in a market, promotion plays an integral role in this assurance. In this regard, it is crucial that

Barbie Doll Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Barbie Doll Advertisement - Essay ExampleThe marketplace segmentation and semiotical analysis of Barbie advertisement for pre-tween girls reveal that their advertisement is geared towards the dominant ideology which promotes the ideal image of female beauty and body type.In America, prior to 1959, well-nigh dolls were either infants or toddlers. The Barbie doll was the first adult doll toy. She was adopted from the German doll Bild Lilli. The creator of the Barbie doll, Handler, was inspired by her daughter, who was giving adult roles to wallpaper dolls to create a doll with a mature body. The Barbie doll was named after Handlers daughter Barbara. Since then Barbie dolls became very popular among girls. The toy market took advantage of a childs desire for the whole spectrum of character licensed products (Coulter, 2014, p.417) and as a result, they created a license for character products, which allow Barbies doll image to appear on clothes, magazines, board games and later on onl ine games.As Coulter (2014) notes, the market for children is divided into segments based on the age and sexual activity of the child (p.417). The purpose of market segmentation in such categories as boys/girls, infants, babies, and toddlers is to sell more products. If a child uses the same toy without wanting a new one, then toy producers will have less profit. Therefore, the market is divided not just into gender, but also into age categories. For example, pre-tween boys are fire in Transformers and Hot Wheels, while girls are interested in Bratz and Barbie dolls. Younger boys are interested in Spiderman and girls are interested in Strawberry Shortcake. commercialise segmentation was created not only to understand the audiences and consumers but also to create a constant need for new products.Using the Barbie advertisement, illustrated on page 6, I will demonstrate how market segmentation works in practice.

Nepotism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nepotism - Essay ExampleThere are several concepts that should be engaged in the analytic thinking while considering the nature of nepotism. To begin with, it would not be an exaggeration to suggest that the notion of integrity is something that is heavily damaged by the issue in school principal (McNamee, 2004, p. 87). Indeed, granting positions or preferences to family member can hardly be compatible with integrity of an organization. The next concept that is of great important when it comes to a fair examination of it is the psyche of competition. As it has already been noted, people have to fight for their success and should be rewarded accordingly. The practice of nepotism grants a person an advantage that ruins the entire system of competition in the society and does not allow people to advance. Finally, the concept of meritocracy is something that should also be engaged while considering the impact that nepotism has on the society. It certainly would be an ideal role when people are rewarded according to their merits, but it is something that the social environment should be moving forward to however, the practice of nepotism just makes this state of affairs unrealistic and reinforces the unlikeness among the people. In other words, the very existence of it does not allow the society evolve properly. That is why nepotism might be seen as a direct depart of the inertia that has been guiding the process of development of the society for a considerable time. Nevertheless, it is quite obvious that is this practice is not taken care of, it will organise to a dead end. Keeping in mind that people will never want to stop evolution of their civilization, there is no other direction but to deal with nepotism. That is why nepotism might be seen as a direct result of the inertia that has been guiding the process of development of the society for a considerable time. Nevertheless, it is quite

Manager's leading role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managers leading role - Essay ExampleThee in-turn encompa more pecific dutie which will be dicued later.Manager Cae-tudyBuine scream - Playtec Pty LtdName - Matthew tewartAge - 29Phone No - *******Poition Held - General ManagerBuine ize - mall (approximately 20-employee)Buine Decription - Playtec Pty Ltd i a manufacturer of indoor oftplay equiptment, ditributed nationwide and occaionally overea.A a General Manager of a mall buine, Matthew centering role conit of interdependent-factor coordinated into an organied ytem to allow efficient allocation of reource through well-planned adminitration, complimenting D.A Holt definition of defining organizational objective and then articulating trategie, tactic and objective that are neceary to chance on thee objective. (Holt,-1987,-p.793). Thee are divided into the three main egment of reponibility, collectively known a the Mintzberg Management role.Under Interperonal management role, Matthew i een a a figurehead in playtec, ometime world referred to a the heartnoul of the company. Although not the buine owner, the role of a leader i one he ha aumed, taking-on the reponibility of planning and providing future growth under one umbrella of reponibility for operation and employee. fetching a large amount of reponibility for buine function, a well a the peronal well-being of it employee, Matthew ucceed in the getting-it-done part of the management proce. Manager do thi by motivating deal to accomplih the tak through coaching and praie. They alo make key deciion that enable tak to be completed (Robbin, Coulter, 2003 pg256).Taking peronal reponibility not only for buine function and operation, but of the peronal well-being and of it employee, ha allowed Matthew to take-advantage of the maller buine tructure to get together with hi underling on a peronal level, motivating them through friendhip and loyalty, not only bringing employee to work in a poitive manner toward the buinee-goal, but allowing empower group a full r eponibility to develop a project plan and carry out the tak within the plan within contraint from the enior group. Thee contraint can only include iue uch a budget, ize, weight etc. (Dale, E., 1978)A a liaion, Matthew excel, addreing the entire workplace a well a employee individually on matter both relating to workplace performance, paygrade and peronal matter. He alo liaie efficiently between the upper-level, or organiation-level of the buine, to the factory-floor many time a day to enure buine goal meet at every level, a well a co-coordinating (with the buine owner) the companie network of upplier. He i attentive and controlling of the proper and efficient method of manufacturing, and often take on the role of training new peronnel, enuring quality-control of the closing product and maintenance of the current buine-model. Thi alo prevent employee taking artitic-libertie by cutting corner and changing et practice, following the cientific-management model

The Arab League's Role in the Syrian Civil War Article

The Arab League&aposs Role in the Syrian cultured War - Article ExampleThere is likewise the theme of government repartee and the consequences that such consequences carried. This theme makes it very important to discuss the overall concept of political authority and power utilization. This is because from every indication, the response of the government as an authority and holder of power was something that dragged the Syrian Civil War to levels it can currently be found (Zartman, 2012). Cooperation and interferences that were received both internally and externally from the Arab League were also highlighted as an important theme in the article. Finally, the future of Syria was an important theme raised in the article that leaves the reader thinking if there is any commit at all for Syria from the current position it finds itself.The major theoretical position outlined in the article was international traffic. As explained by Carlsnaes (2012), international relations encompass the relationships that exists among countries as exemplified through the roles of sovereign states, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and even multinational corporations. The article clearly shows how each of these stakeholders played critical roles in the Syrian Civil War. Most of these roles were discussed under External cooperation and interference section of the article and clearly outlined the positive and negative outcomes with international relations. By emphasizing more on the role of the Arab League, it is very easy for the reader to get a sense of urgency for change with ongoing development of Foreign Policy Analysis. This is because the author ever expressed mixed feelings about the impact of the real roles of the Arab League as it was not very clear whether the Arab League registered their presence for the purpose of serving its tenacious awaited ambition for independence and unity or whether the regional body was there to focus directly on stopping the war. Into the future, it is important that

Cheif Security Officer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cheif Security Officer - Essay ExampleA chief security military officer should have vast expertise in beas beyond mere security thereby requiring global experience.A CFO requires global experience for notable reasons. To put down with, such a position requires intimacy of the complex global chain. In this sense, a CFO should be aware of how trade wind in other countries affects trade in particular country. The officer, therefore, easily participates in business continuity planning. In addition, global experience enables the CFO understand the intricate global internet net income that poses threat to an organizations IT system (Fay, 2011). Internet, as a tool, connects the world in a single sphere. It is essential for a CFO to possess knowledge on how the internet can be integrated in the general security of the company. Besides, a global experience is crucial for understanding the evolution of organizations. This is because structures of organizations are continually changing a nd this leads towards the shrinking and expansion of given departments. Furthermore, a CFO requires an adequate understanding of global administration and make out how such politics influence organizational

Facility & Equipment Injuries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Facility & Equipment Injuries - Essay ExampleBackboard cables can be any profess for injury. Dunking is a frequent occurrence in the game of basketball. Therefore use of poorly constructed rims that do non break on hard impact affectedness risk to the hands of basketball players (Borkowski, 2004). Improperly designed basketball rims can also be a hazard for basketball players, when they dunk the basketball (Kidman & Hanrahan, 2004). Debris, or dirt, or playing graces and missing or raised floor plates can also cause injuries to players (Borkowski, 2004).To prevent injuries from collusions with objects outside the playing area, I depart make water buffer zones providing a minimum of three feet space from the playing area preferably I would like to have buffer zones of ten feet. I will regularly check the backboard cables to ensure that they do pose any hazard to the players. I will report any faulty rims and backboards to the authorities, and will not allow the players to use th em till they are replaced. I will regularly ensure that dirt, debris, and wet spots from the playing floors. In the case of raised floor plates I will report it to the authorities, and the relevant playing area will not be used till the defects are addressed. In this manner I hope to reduce injuries to basket ball players from facilities and equipment (Borkowski,

Policy and practice in the education of bilingual children Essay - 1

Policy and practice in the education of bilingual children - assay ExampleThe processing of cognition has consequences that come about due to bilingualism or multilingualism. Therefore, all perennial questions concerning bilingualism revolve around the blood and connection between cardinal different terminologys in the same mind. Most tutors tend to wonder whether if multilingualism has two forms of separate systems responsible for language processing or it is a single combine system. Ideally, issues regarding whether one language aids or interferes with the other are not clear but this paper will consider addressing this issue with relevance to cognition. The complexness of the system consisting of two languages may have either losses or benefits on some areas rather than mind. This means that monolinguals and bilinguals may think differently. Evaluation of the competitory viewsStudies concerning psychology reveal that the term cognitive is becoming a confusing element when di scussing this topic. With reference to linguists, linguistics is an arm of cognitive psychology. This is because, it concerns gentlemans gentleman mind. However, you should be able-bodied to note that the faculty of language is entirely different from the rest of the faculties that concern human mind. This reveals that, the faculty of language is distinct from cognition. Furtherto a greater extent, linguistics differentiates the abstract of knowledge normally referred to as competence and the process of cognition that facilitates the actual comprehension and production of a speech often termed as the doing. Often, psychologists explore the aspects concerning the relationship between the rest of the human mind (cognition) and language. Interestingly, some models related to language competence such as the parameter setting tend to treat language as a separate knack of human mind. Further, these models seek to develop a difference wherein language competence becomes a distinct aspec t from language performance (Harris, 2005385). Fact-findings tell us that the manner in which an individual defines the relationship between cognitive processing and bilingualism depends on the approach and the ideology of the person asking the question. The frequent general manner in which people ask this question uses the normal approach whereby it is standard for people to be monolinguals (Heaton, Taylor, and Manly, 2003185). Supposedly, this approach lies on the norm that human beings should only know one language but deviating from a single language comes with a cost. Contrary to this approach is the multilingualism view, which views that human beings have knowledge of more than one language (Lorentz, 200877). In this arena, the monolingual approach has deficiencies since it lacks the natural human heritage whereby people know more than a single language. What is unclear is the overall level of loss that monolinguals have for having knowledge of only one language as well as i n their remaining mental processes (Hammers and Blanc, 2003101). Evaluation of the competing views of the relationship between bilingualism or multilingualism and cognition show that people who know more than one language, possess deficiencies in knowledge and understand in their second language (Panton, 200339). Research findings make it clear that, perhaps, it is blindingly obvious in such cases that, people who use their second language are less efficient in it (Harris, 2005388). mend compared to monolinguals, monolinguals are more critical and efficient in their native languages since their

Intermediate Horsemanship Syllabus Essay Example for Free

Intermediate Horsemanship Syllabus EssayCourse ObjectivesThis course is designed to be a laboratory class giving students maximal opportunity to gain turn over-on experience working with horses. This is a continuation of ADSC 2500L (Beginning Horsemanship) and leave go into greater detail of advanced concepts regarding riding, training, and handling horses. This class assumes that students have a basic understanding of rider persuasion. This class will focus on going into more(prenominal) detail on rider influence of the horse and training techniques for different disciplines.PrerequisitesADSC 2500L or a good basic mastery of correct riding position and basic riding skills. Riders should be able to catch, groom, and saddle their horses independently, as well as mount from the ground unassisted. Riders should also be able to ride intimately at a walk, trot (jog), or canter (lope) in do to be comfortable performing exercises involved in the class.Physical requirementsThis cl ass involves bodily activity and inherent risk associated with working with horses. While we do everything possible to ensure safety of students, there is always a risk of being injure while riding. In order to participate in this class, you will be required to sign a waiver releasing UGA of all liability associated with whatsoever injury you may sustain while participating in the class. I am not a doctor and cannot tell you what you be medically or physically capable of doing based on pre-existing conditions, physical fitness, etcetera If you have concerns as to whether you can safely participate, please see a licenced health care physician prior to participating in this class. At the very minimum, students will be required to saddle horses unassisted (requiring you to lift or so 30 lbs over head) and be able to mount unassisted from the ground.AttireLong pants and boots with heels are required each day in order to participate. Approved helmets are mandatory but will be provi ded. All other equipment will be provided. If you choose to bring your own saddle, please do not leave it at the Arenawe cannot be responsible for lost or damaged equipment. Please recognize that you are responsible for ensuring the safety and functionality of both equipment you choose to bring to engross.TextThere is no required text for this class. I will often copy chapters from refer Riding by cleft Swift (copyright 1985) as well as excerpts from related books, magazines, and journals. A cite of tentative handouts for each week is provided on the syllabus.Schedule (This is a tentative list of topics. Topics may be added or deleted as necessary to benefit the course) workweek 1 Jan 7-11 IntroductionWeek 2 Jan 14-18 Basic position, correct use of hands practice stooping, transitions, canter departures drill team exercises at the walk, trot, and canterBasic Horsemanship Required for Training Horses, Half Halt How To, Half Halt in Centered RidingWeek 3 Jan 21-25 Learning colle ction and developing self carriage in horses, discussion of training aids such as martingales, consume reins, side reins, and types of bits exercise barrel patterns to improve turnsBitting and Driving, Circles and Turns, Borrow A Trainer-Correct Bends on Curves and Squares, The Perfect Turn, Parts 23Week 4 Jan 28-Feb 1 Simple lead changes, work on correct bending, movement of hind end and front end of horse exercises barrel patterns and serpentines through conesSuppling the HorseWeek 5 Feb 4-8 Riding for accuracy developing response time exercises continuation of barrel patterns and serpentines as well as pattern work with transitions, straight lines, circles, etc.Week 6 Feb 11-15 Extending and shortening the stride, learning stride restrainer using poles, emphasis on self carriage and pace controlWalk and the adjacent Seat, Lengthening Stride, Borrow a Trainer-Extending the lope and slowing back down, Jarring JogWeek 7 Feb 18-22 Collection and extension, use of poles, pole cour sesBuilding Stronger BasicsBARSimple Changes on CourseMIDTERMFEB 20/21covers handouts thru week 6Week 8 Feb 25-Mar 1 Controlling the bend and stride of the horse using poles pole exercises on circleWeek 9 Mar 4-8 Flying lead changesFlying Change of Lead video displayWeek 10 Spring BreakMarch 11-15Week 11 Mar 18-22 Counter canter and balanceChapter 10Counter Canter, ratify that Counter CanterWeek 12 Mar 25-29 Counter canter patterns incorporating canter, bending, keep downer canter Week 13 Apr 1-5 Learning lateral movements, moving split independentlyLateral Work, Always a PleasureWeek 14 Apr 8-12 Teaching horses lateral movements and pivots Week 15 Apr 15-19 Trail courses to improve controlWeek 16 Apr 22-26 Practice dayApril 29Last day of classFinal ExamM/W section Wednesday, May 1, 800-1100 amT/H section Thursday, May 2, 1200-300 pmGradingParticipation and progress25%*Midterm25%Final25%Final Project25%* will be determined by a % of days in class (i.e. no absences = 100%) latenes s or non-participation will count as an absence for the day participation may at quantify include riding tests. Absences may be excused for medical or school related activities. In the event of an excused absence, these days will count neither for nor against your attendance grade. ***More than 5 absences (excused or unexcused) will result in a failing grade for the course. Final Project Video will be taken during different portions of the course. You will write a paper to evaluate your riding. Paper should be a minimum of 2-3 pgs single spaced in length.Papers should include the following analysis of your riding strengths and weaknesses, analysis of what skills you have improved upon, analysis of your position and effectiveness as a rider including areas which you are strong and areas that you need to improve, specific examples (i.e., people in the class) who exemplify particularly desirable riding skills that should be emulated (e.g., Mary is particularly effective at supreme he r horses pace using little hand movementperhaps this is due to correct position, stability of seat, etc. These are areas you can embellish upon), analysis of the exercises done in class as to their effectiveness in improving your riding skills, other exercises you feel you should be doing to improve your riding techniques.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Essay Example for Free

arrangemental Citizenship Behavior EssayHuman Resource Management (HRM) is defined as the organizational function that focuses on recruiting, management, and the directing of the employees that work in the organization. It also deals with compensation, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. Even though the HR functions evolved, some things never change.Since most companies exit always deal the traditional HR functions such as hiring and firing employees, providing pay and benefits packages, training and developing the workforce, and dealing with employer employee conflicts. Organizational citizenship mien (OCB) is a concept defined as the direct of supernumerary activities that atomic number 18 beneficial to an organization and its employees. These activities are not required in a formal way that is, they are not verbalize in a contract nor required by the troupe. O CB is commonly a behaviour of employees towards their compevery and vice versa.It is clear that the organizations HRM plays a full of life role in implementing OCB through creating a well-established relationship between the organization and the employees. Rousseau and Geller argued that this relationships status is critical in the amount of OCB produced by employees where the company must deliver firstborn a few requirements. (cited in Morrison, 1996). Schuller states that for each one companys HRM has a set of principles and values that are integrated in its overall philosophy, which includes a respectful treatment of its employees (cited in Morrison, 1996).According to Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, how effective is an organization in applying that philosophy is related towards how much the employees find oneself appreciated in their work place and therefore related to the amount of OCB displayed (cited in Morrison, 1996). OCB is present in all companies and c an be considered a cycle. In fact, the HR segment encourages OCB through several actions, which pave the way to creating a healthy organizational culture where the company protects its employees who are devoted to their company.This report bequeath discuss OCB in Middle East Airlines (MEA) by taking a closer look at the employee company relationship and the company employee relationship. Literature Review on Organization Citizenship Behavior How Companies Encourage OCB In order for employees to work on achieving OCB, the human resource management has to work on some issues to help encourage each individual to participate in developing the company.The management must ensure that several things should be well done Social Exchange, ldentification with Organizational Objectives, Empowerment, Selection and enculturation, military rank and Rewards, Rules and Job Descriptions. In an organization, Blau identified both types of relationships that tie the management and the employees to gether the economic relationship and the social relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). Konovsky and Pugh analysis states that it is more plausibly for employees to perform OCB under good social conditions than economic (cited in Morrison, 1996).Organ claims that this fact is due to several reasons First, social relationships allow employees to adjudge feelings of mutual swan with the organization and they provide build long-term relationships with the management. This will encourage employees to help enhance the image of their company by practicing OCB. Second, the social relationship is one that is equivocally defined, that is it does not have clear boundaries therefore employees will more likely include certain citizenship acts in their job tasks (cited in Morrison, 1996).The identification of the employees with the organizational objectives is significant for achieving OCB. That is because each individual will adopt and familiarize with the values and principles of the comp any, and hence become a part of its system, which will give a feeling of be and an encouragement for being part of the progress of the company. For employees to achieve OCB, Conger and Kanungo believe that they must be first willing to do so, and that is by being back up and empowered (cited in Morrison, 1996).Bowen and Lawler claim that many benefits are generated as a result of empowerment. First, it will shorten the time of response of employees to serve their customers. Second, the relationship between the employees and the customers will be more enthusiastic and kind. Third, it will allow the employees to be more innovative and generate ideas for the benefit of the company (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is the first phase of the entrance of an employee into a company.During this stage, Shore and Tetrick claim that each individual becomes apprised of the job responsibilities in his field. Also, it is through this stage that the company indicates to the employee the resp onsibilities that the company has towards him as well, such as security, progress and training hence it identifies a two-way relationship. This will lead to a feeling of respect and interest from the other party, which will lead to employees achieving OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996).Selection is also important in what is referred to by Chatman as person-organization fit by learning close the organizations objectives, the employee becomes aware that he or she will be chosen not solely for their job qualification, but for their compatibility with the work environment as well (cited in Morrison, 1996). Socialization as defined by Van Maanen and Schein is when the company prepares the sensitive employees with the set of knowledge, approaches, and behaviors that they should apply in order to fit into their roles (cited in Morrison, 1996).Similar to selection, socialization is about showing the new employee that the relationship with the organization is based on social tack. This can be clarified through such processes as orientation that holds indoors it more value than it shows. Chatman claims that socialization also familiarizes the employees with the companys objectives and values not to mention that it plays a vital part in the empowerment process. (cited in Morrison, 1996). at that place are two extremes stated by Jones in applying socialization.The first is a highly institutionalized one where the new employees are separated and offered a common learning program. The second end is highly individualized, where employees are left on their own to engage in informal relationships with their fellow employees and to have self-learning experiences. There is however one disadvantage to socialization when the objectives are clearly defined for employees, they tend to perform solely what they were expected to (cited in Morrison, 1996). Therefore, a company that seeks employee OCB will tend to have a more individualized socialization.OCB by definition includes the se t of actions performed by employees that are not asked by management, therefore it is not now rewarded. Thus, to encourage employees into applying this behavior, OReilly and Chatman believe that the company should employ indirect means that will encourage them to do so. That can be done by bighearted a reward to the organizations performance as a whole. This will be helpful in two ways first, it will just familiarize the employees with the companys objectives and this way they will tend to act more upon achieving those goals through citizenship behavior.Second, by giving an award for the entire companys performance, the organization will indirectly inform the employees that their job goes beyond what is clearly specified and limited into a certain role or department (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Bowen, Siehl, and Schneider, when the company imposes a high number of rules and regulation, it is limiting and discouraging the employees ability to perform tasks outside their field of work, therefore limiting the OCB that can be achieved in that organization.A high number of rules will clearly define the limits of the economic vary relationship between the employees and their company which will diminish their will to achieve OCB by determining exactly what the employees are asked to do and not to do and pr planeting them from attractive in any other action that is indirectly rewarded even if it benefits the company as a whole. Hence, in order for employees to want to perform citizenship behavior, the company must reduce its rules and thus create a social exchange relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996).Like rules and regulations, if a company describes the employees job in a very precise and narrow matter, it will reduce concord to Bowen and Lawler the citizenship behavior applied by its subordinates. Employees will then have extremely well defined tasks to perform with no regard to any other company-wide actions. That way the exchange relationship be tween employee and company will more likely to be economic, not to mention that it reduces empowerment by limiting the resources needed by employees such as knowledge and skills to taking action towards OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). How Employees Exercise OCBTo achieve organizational citizenship behavior, employees must practice different means. First, as Organ defines it, helping behavior is critical and evident in creating inter-employee relationships. much(prenominal) behavior can be noted in the simplisticst acts such as when an employee assists his co-worker when the latter is overstrained with his paperwork or any other task being done. Second, according to Organ as well, sportsmanship, another dimension of OCB, is the ability to accept criticism and unfortunate events in the company without complaints, verbal or written.Consider a meeting for a marketing idea where employees are brainstorming. When the group rejects someones idea and the latter accepts that without being o ffended, he/she is considered to have a sense of sportsmanship. Third, organizational loyalty is a major concept when it comes to having a constructive organizational culture. This is evident whereby when employees are loyal to their company, they would feel safer and more content about the workplace and the organizations culture. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) Individual initiative, a fourth aspect of OCB, is represented in taking on additional responsibilities and engaging in task-improving actions without being asked to do so.This also includes encouraging others to do so, which helps the company as a whole improve. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) An example is when an employee suggests to adopt a new method of performing a task, which he/she knows will improve the way things s done. Related to this is self-development, which is yet another dimension of OCB. According to George and Brief, self-development pertains to voluntarily engaging in developme nt courses that are not required from the company in the attempt of improving ones skills and broadening ones knowledge. (Cited in Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) For instance, an employee could learn about upcoming seminars and training sessions and inform his colleagues of their dates.A different aspect of OCB is civic virtue, which can be defined as a dedication to the organization as a whole. This takes place through engaging in governing the organization indirectly, looking out for its best interest, and protecting it from threats. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) A simple example of this is turning off the lights after having used the restroom. Similar to this is organizational compliance, the last dimension of OCB, which is when an employee complies with the company rules and regulations whether or not the latter is being monitored. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) locomote to work right after having finished the permitted lunch break is an example of organizational compliance. It is crucial to note that all these behavioral aspects of organizational citizenship behavior are not part of the work contract or job description. Factors that diminish OCB Several factors antecede and affect organizational citizenship behavior. Such factors can be set into four basic categories employee characteristics, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and leadinghip behaviors.The influence of these categories on OCB can be either positive or nix. It is evident that OCB is present in all companies, whether on a noticeable scale or an imperceptible one. This report will be depicting the negative relations between OCB and its antecedents, whereby, according to studies done in a meta-analysis by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, and Bachrach, it has been found that organizational and task characteristics have little impact on OCB relative to individual and leadership behaviors which have greater impact on OCB.Employee or individual characteristics affect the presence of OCB and how much the latter contributes to building a constructive organizational culture. Taking two extremes, one can consider an employee who is indifferent of his/her companys interest. The latter would surely not engage in activities pertaining to civic virtue, thus not physical exercise good citizenship behavior. The other extreme is an employee who is very concerned about the companys interest and always seeks to attain goals that hold the companys benefit.Such employee is more likely to be engaged in the different dimensions of citizenship behavior. To go back to the bigger image, an employees characteristics help in determining how well OCB is exercised in an organization. Indeed, it is found that the existence of OCB increases with the increase of employee loyalty and concern to the organization, and decreases with indifference to the greater benefit of the company and the rewards granted for good citizenship behavior. Po dsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) Leadership behaviors are quite jibe to the presence of citizenship behavior in an organization. According to another meta-analysis reported by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer in 1996, leadership behaviors are mostly positively related to OCB, whereby most leaders reward citizenship behavior within performance in general, which increases such behavior in the company as employees are aware of such rewards.The only negative leadership behaviors are contingent and non-contingent punishment behavior as well as leader specification of procedures. This is due to the fact that employees feel confused as to why leaders perform contingent punishment, thereby decreasing their citizenship behavior. Non-contingent punishment is a discouraging factor by itself, which makes it obvious why it negatively affects OCB in an organization.